Interactive Problems, Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach

IPv6 Tunneling and Encapsulation

Consider the network shown below which contains four IPv6 subnets, connected by a mix of IPv6-only routers(shaded blue), IPv4-only routers (shaded red) and dual-capable IPv6/IPv4 routers (shaded blue with red interfaces to IPv4 routers). You might want to review Section 4.3.4 in the textbook before doing this problem.

Suppose that a host of subnet A wants to send an IPv6 datagram to a host on subnet D. Assume that the forwarding between these two hosts goes along the path: A --> C --> a --> b --> c --> d --> E --> D

Question List

1. Is the datagram being forwarded from A to C an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

2. What is the source address of this A to C datagram?

3. What is the destination address of this A to C datagram?

4. Is this A to C datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

5. Is the datagram being forwarded from C to a an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

6. What is the source address of this C to a datagram?

7. What is the destination address of this C to a datagram?

8. Is this C to a datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

9. What is the source address of this encapsulated datagram?

10. What is the destination address of this encapsulated datagram?

11. Is the datagram being forwarded from a to b an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

12. What is the source address of this a to b datagram?

13. What is the destination address of this a to b datagram?

14. Is this a to b datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

15. What is the source address of this encapsulated datagram?

16. What is the destination address of this encapsulated datagram?

17. Is the datagram being forwarded from b to c an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

18. What is the source address of this b to c datagram?

19. What is the destination address of this b to c datagram?

20. Is this b to c datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

21. What is the source address of this encapsulated datagram?

22. What is the destination address of this encapsulated datagram?

23. Is the datagram being forwarded from c to d an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

24. What is the source address of this c to d datagram?

25. What is the destination address of this c to d datagram?

26. Is this c to d datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

27. What is the source address of this encapsulated datagram?

28. What is the destination address of this encapsulated datagram?

29. Is the datagram being forwarded from d to E an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

30. What is the source address of this d to E datagram?

31. What is the destination address of this d to E datagram?

32. Is this d to E datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

33. What is the source address of this encapsulated datagram?

34. What is the destination address of this encapsulated datagram?

35. Is the datagram being forwarded from E to D an IPv4 or IPv6 datagram?

36. What is the source address of this E to D datagram?

37. What is the destination address of this E to D datagram?

38. Is this E to D datagram encapsulating another datagram? Yes or No.

39. What router is the 'tunnel entrance'? Give the router's letter

40. What router is the 'tunnel exit'? Give the router's letter

41. Which protocol encapsulates the other, IPv4 or IPv6?

Solution

1. The datagram is an IPv6 datagram.

2. The source IP address is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

3. The destination IP address is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

4. No, the datagram is NOT encapsulated.

5. The datagram is an IPv4 datagram.

6. The source IP address is 132.187.196.8

7. The destination IP address is 114.69.147.122

8. Yes, the datagram is encapsulated.

9. The source address of this encapsulated datagram is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

10. The destination address of this encapsulated datagram is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

11. The datagram is an IPv4 datagram.

12. The source IP address is 132.187.196.8

13. The destination IP address is 114.69.147.122

14. Yes, the datagram is encapsulated.

15. The source address of this encapsulated datagram is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

16. The destination address of this encapsulated datagram is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

17. The datagram is an IPv4 datagram.

18. The source IP address is 132.187.196.8

19. The destination IP address is 114.69.147.122

20. Yes, the datagram is encapsulated.

21. The source address of this encapsulated datagram is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

22. The destination address of this encapsulated datagram is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

23. The datagram is an IPv4 datagram.

24. The source IP address is 132.187.196.8

25. The destination IP address is 114.69.147.122

26. Yes, the datagram is encapsulated.

27. The source address of this encapsulated datagram is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

28. The destination address of this encapsulated datagram is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

29. The datagram is an IPv4 datagram.

30. The source IP address is 132.187.196.8

31. The destination IP address is 114.69.147.122

32. Yes, the datagram is encapsulated.

33. The source address of this encapsulated datagram is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

34. The destination address of this encapsulated datagram is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

35. The datagram is an IPv6 datagram.

36. The source IP address is B69B:D95B:E4CC:DAF2:9E1E:1AED:CC62:91F5

37. The destination IP address is 5F4E:9859:8518:382A:CAC4:4123:4EE7:3BE7

38. No, the datagram is NOT encapsulated.

39. The tunnel entrance is router C

40. The tunnel exit is router E

41. IPv4, in order to maintain compatibility with existing IPv4 infrastructure, IPv6 datagrams are put in the payload of an IPv4 datagram. These IPv4 datagrams are passed on until it reaches a router which supports IPv6, where the IPv6 datagram is decapsulated and passed on.

Interactive end-of-chapter exercises

IPv6 Tunneling and Encapsulation

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